Eugene Rogan / Open sources
Osman I, founder of the Ottoman dynasty. Portrait by an unknown artist / Wikimedia Commons
Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Portrait by an unknown artist / Wikimedia Commons
Staff of the Action Army and officers of the 1st Division at the headquarters of the 3rd Army. Thessaloniki, 13 April 1909. Unknown photographer / Wikimedia Commons
Ottoman artillery battery during the Gallipoli campaign. Circa 1915–1916 / Bain News Service / Library of Congress / Wikimedia Commons
Signing of the Treaty of Lausanne at the Palais de Rumine. Lausanne, Switzerland, 24 July 1923 / Keystone-France / Getty Images
Fragment of the Ottoman Empire’s declaration of Holy War (Jihad). Constantinople, November 1914 / Wikimedia Commons
Soldiers of the Arab Army during the Arab Revolt, carrying the flag of the Arab Revolt. Hejaz, 1916–1918. Unknown photographer / Wikimedia Commons
Map of the Sykes–Picot Agreement, signed by British diplomat Mark Sykes and French diplomat François Georges-Picot. 8 May 1916 / The National Archives, UK / Wikimedia Commons
The Balfour Declaration. 2 November 1917 / British Library / Wikimedia Commons
