William Muir. Map of Baghdad (150–300 AH / 767–912 CE). 1883 / Wikimedia Commons

Mr. O’Donovan’s Journey Through Central Asia: The Fortress of Merv. Illustration from The Graphic, 1882 / Getty Images

Caravanserai, Meybod, Iran / Getty Images

Mir Sayyid Ali. Palace Life. Circa 1540. Harvard University / Wikimedia Commons

Silver Dirham from the Abbasid Caliphate during the reign of Al-Ma’mun, minted in Herat, Khorasan, between 813 and 833 CE. Private Collection / Getty Images.

Interior of a traditional house, Baghdad, Iraq / Getty Images

Interior vaulting of Khan Murjan, Baghdad, Iraq. Constructed between 1356 and 1358 by Amin al-Din Murjan, the Jalayirid governor of Baghdad. / Alamy

Abd al-Aziz. The Townsman Robs the Villager’s Orchard, miniature from Jami’s poem “Haft Awrang”. Circa 1556–1565. Freer Gallery of Art / Wikimedia Commons

Passengers landing in circular boats (guffa) on the Tigris River, Baghdad. Engraving from The Illustrated London News, 1853 / Getty Images

The young man of Baghdad reveals his true identity to the Hashimi. Illustration from the Tuti-nama (Tales of a Parrot), Forty-eighth Night. Mughal India, circa 1560. Cleveland Museum of Art / Wikimedia Commons.

“Baghdad in the Days of Mansur,” 1915. Reconstruction of the walled city as it might have appeared in the 8th century during the reign of Caliph Al-Mansur / Getty Images

The House of Wisdom in Baghdad, a public academy founded in the 9th century by Caliph Al-Ma’mun / Alamy

The dervish picks up his beloved’s hair from the hammam floor.” Miniature from Safavid Iran, 1556–1565. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution / Wikimedia Commons.

John Daniel Revel. The Copper Bazaar, Baghdad. First World War period. Imperial War Museums / Wikimedia Commons

Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti. Banquet Scene. Illustration from the Maqamat by Abu Muhammad al-Qasim al-Hariri. 1237. Bibliothèque nationale de France, manuscript Arabe 5847 / Wikimedia Commons

Ескендір және Сиреналар, 1495–1496 жылдар. Британия кітапханасы, Лондон / Wikimedia Commons

Wine Drinking in a Spring Garden. Miniature, Iran, circa 1430. Opaque watercolor and gold on undyed silk. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York / Wikimedia Commons

A Lion Hunt. Circa 1600. Opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution / Wikimedia Commons

Socrates discussing philosophy with his disciples. Arabic miniature from a 13th-century manuscript, Turkey / Getty Images

Unknown artist. Surgical Operation. Illustration from a 15th-century Turkish manuscript/ Wikimedia Commons