Timothy May / University of North Giorgia

Mongol warriors in lamellar armor. Fourteenth-century miniature from the Diez Albums. Berlin State Library / Wikimedia Commons.

Jelme, a commander of Genghis Khan. Illustration from a Mongolian edition of The Secret History of the Mongols / Wikimedia Commons

Mongol warriors beside a siege engine. Illustration from Rashid al-Din’s chronicle (fragment), 14th century. Edinburgh University Library / Wikimedia Common

Terken Khatun held captive by the Mongol army. From Jami' al-tawarikh, Bibliothèque nationale de France, c. 1430–1434 / Wikimedia Commons

The death of Khwarazmshah Muhammad II. Illustration from Rashid al-Din’s chronicle (Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh), c. 1430. National Library of France / Wikimedia Commons

The Mongols besieging Baghdad in 1258. Illustration from Rashid al-Din’s chronicle (Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh), c. 1430–1434. National Library of France / Wikimedia Commons

The fall of Tripoli to the Mamluks, April 1289. Medieval miniature, 13th–14th century. British Library, London / Wikimedia Commons

Araniko. Portrait of Kublai Khan, Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. From an album of Yuan dynasty imperial portraits, c. 1294. National Palace Museum, Taipei / Wikimedia Commons

The samurai Takezaki Suenaga fighting Mongol warriors during the Bun’ei invasion (1274). Illustration from the picture scroll Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba (Illustrated Account of the Mongol Invasion of Japan), c. 1293 / Wikimedia Commons