Louis Caravaque. Portrait of Empress Anna Ioannovna / Wikimedia Commons

Aleksander Orłowski. "A Bashkir man and a Kyrgyz (Kazakh) man on horseback". 1816 / Wikimedia Commons

John Castle. "Migration of a Kazakh family". Illustration from the book "Diary of a Journey in 1736 from Orenburg to Abulkhair, Khan of the Kirghiz-Kaisak Horde"

John Castle. View of Orenburg (Orsk) on the Or River. "Diary of a Journey in 1736 from Orenburg to Abulkhair, Khan of the Kirghiz-Kaisak Horde"

Monument to Khan Kenesary. Astana, Kazakhstan / Alamy

Y. Altynsarin. Copy of a page of "Kirghiz Chrestomathy". Orenburg : I.I. Yevfimovsky-Mirovitsky Printing House, 1879 / KazNEB

Y. Altynsarin. Copy of a page from the book "Musulmanshylyqtyng Tutqasy = شرايط الاسلام" (Sharait ul-Islam). Kazan : Kazan University Printing House, 1884 / KazNEB

Founding fathers of the "Qazaq" newspaper Akhmet Baitursynov, Alikhan Bukeikhanov, and Mirzhakyp Dulatov. Orenburg, 1913 / Wikimedia Commons