Ili region Taiji (Mongol Prince) and his wife. China, 1769 / Wikimedia Commons

Monument to Amursana in Khovd, 2007 / Wikimedia Commons

The Battle of Oroi-Jalatu. From the series Conquests of the Western Regions, China, 1765–1769. Palace Museum, Beijing / Wikimedia Commons

Abylai Khan / Wikimedia Commons, modified with Gemini

Letter of Abylai Khan to the Chinese Emperor. 1760 / Wikimedia Commons

Nikolay Khludov. Ili River near Karnak. 1880. Abilkhan Kasteev State Museum of Arts, Almaty / Wikimedia Commons

Alexander Zaitsev. Horse Herders. 1975 / Courtesy of Bonart Auction House (https://bonart.kz/)

Wu Zhang. Birds, Fruit, and Flowers. Qing dynasty, 1741. Heritage Images / Getty Images

Signing of the Treaty of Peking by Lord Elgin and Prince Kung. 1883 / Wikimedia Commons

Vasily Vereshchagin. Ruins of a Theater in Chuguchak. 1869–1870. State Russian Museum, St Petersburg / Wikimedia Commons

S. N. Veletsky. Map of the Russian-Chinese border in the Ili River region. 1915 / Wikimedia Commons

Nekruz Safarov. Tajikistan, the Karatag River Valley. 2023 / Wikimedia Commons