The Russian Empire in 1745. From the Atlas of the Russian Empire, 1745. Part of the territory of the Junior Zhuz is marked as the “Steppe of the Kazakh Horde” within Russia / Wikimedia Commons

Yemelian Pugachev's Trial. Painting by Perov, 1875. Moscow, State Historical Museum/Wikimedia Commons

Plan of Orenburg with suburban settlements, 18th century / Wikimedia Commons

Yaik Cossacks on the march. Painting by an unknown artist. (Possibly, the author was an Austrian officer Andras Petrich (Petricch Andras 1765–1842)/Wikimedia Commons

The raid of the Cossacks on the settlement of the natives by N.N. Karazin (1870)/Wikimedia Commons

Monument to Syrym Datuly Batyr in Oral. Kazakhstan /Alamy

N.N. Karazin. Cossacks in the Kyrgyz-Kaisak Horde. 1870s / Wikimedia Commons

N.N. Karazin. Oath of Allegiance by the Middle Kyrgyz-Kaisak Horde. Imperial Decree. 1870s / Wikimedia Commons

Abulkhair Khan’s camp. Drawing by John Castle / Wikimedia Commons

Syr-Darya Oblast. Fort No. 2 (Karamakchi) fortifications. Syr-Darya riverfront near the fort / Wikimedia Commons

Kazakh nobility. Drawing by John Castle / Wikimedia Commons

Map of the lands of the Siberian Linear Cossack Host, and of the Separate Tobolsk and Tomsk Cavalry Regiments, and the Separate Tobolsk Infantry Battalion in Western Siberia, 1858 / Wikimedia Commons

Statue of Kenesary Khan at the entrance to Turkestan/Alamy