Kopruluzade, Ali bey Huseynzade, and Salman Mumtaz at the First Turkologic Congress. Baku, March 6, 1926 / Institute of Manuscripts of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Wikimedia Commons

Members of the Alash Party. Akhmet Baitursynuly is second from the right in the bottom row / Central State Archive of Film, Photo Documents and Sound Recordings of Kazakhstan

Port of Baku, Azerbaijan, 1910–1920 / Getty Images

Nazir Torekulov with his daughter Anel, 1930s / Wikimedia Commons

Akhmet Baitursynuly’s alphabet / CSA RK

The first common Turkic alphabet based on adapted Latin script (Yañalif) / Wikimedia Commons

Participants of the First All-Union Turkological Congress in Baku, 1926 / Wikimedia Commons

Rudolf Samoylovich, 1930s / Wikimedia Commons