Édouard Riou (after a drawing by Charles Geoffroy). The Kalmyk Exodus to China in 1771. 1845 / Wikimedia Commons

Map of the lands of the Astrakhan Khanate. Seventeenth century (after a sixteenth-century original) / Wikimedia Commons

Unknown artist. Son of the Kazakh Khan. 1844 / Museum of European Cultures (Germany), Wikimedia Commons

Jahangir Khan's Palace in the Khan's Headquarters (Khan Ordasy village, West Kazakhstan Region) / Tengrinews.kz

Barbish. Trade on the Shore. Late 18th century / The State Hermitage Museum

Barbish. A Kazakh Family Returning from Trade. Late 18th century / The State Hermitage Museum

Unknown artist. Battle of the Cossacks with the Kirghiz (Kazakhs). 1826 / Wikimedia Commons

One of the first secular schools in the Bukey Horde. Khan Ordasy village, early 20th century / Wikimedia Commons

The Khan's Mosque in the Khan's Headquarters (Khan Ordasy village, West Kazakhstan Region). 1835 / Wikimedia Commons