Edigu’s Invasion of Rus’ in 1408. Miniature from the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible. 16th century / Wikimedia Commons

Sigismund von Herberstein. Map of Muscovy. 1549 / Wikimedia Commons

Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky. Alim Khan, the Last Emir of Bukhara from the Manghit Dynasty. 1911 / Library of Congress / Wikimedia Commons

Nogai and Crimean Tatars. 19th-century Illustration / Wikimedia Commons

David Allan. Bashkirs. 1814 / Wikimedia Commons

Aleksander Orłowski. Horseman. Color Lithograph. 1819 / Wikimedia Commons

Karim Tinchurin. Nogai Horsemen. Kislovodsk, 1929 / Wikimedia Commons

Nogais of Circassia. Photograph, late 19th–early 20th century / Wikimedia Commons

At a Festival Marking the Opening of the Museum Complex at the Historic Settlement of Sarayshyk. Atyrau Region, Kazakhstan, 2 November 2021 / Meiramgul Kussainova / Anadolu Agency via Getty Images

Dmitri Ermakov. Nogai National Dance. Mansurovsky Aul, Kuban Oblast. 1870s–1880s / Open sources