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Collage / Qalam

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Nikolay Karazin. Ceremony of the reception of the Chinese amban by the superintendent of the Bukhtarma military fishery, 1891 / Wikimedia Commons

Nikolay Karazin. Ceremony of the reception of the Chinese amban by the superintendent of the Bukhtarma military fishery, 1891 / Wikimedia Commons

Russian officer with his family surrounded by Kazakhs. 1885–1886 / Getty Images

Russian officer with his family surrounded by Kazakhs. 1885–1886 / Getty Images

Shokan Ualikhanov. Clothing of Kashgar women, 1858 / https://shoqan.kz/

Shokan Ualikhanov. Clothing of Kashgar women, 1858 / https://shoqan.kz/

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Central Asia

CENTRAL ASIA: FROM EMPIRE TO SOVIET RULE

Historian Adeeb Khalid on Colonialism, Nation-Building, and the Enduring Myths That Shape Our Understanding of the Region

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Russian troops at the border between Xinjiang, Tibet, and Kyrgyzstan, c. 1900 / Getty Images

Russian troops at the border between Xinjiang, Tibet, and Kyrgyzstan, c. 1900 / Getty Images

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T. Miyano. The Revolutionary Army Entering Nanking. Colour lithograph, 1911. Wellcome Library, London / Wikimedia Commons

T. Miyano. The Revolutionary Army Entering Nanking. Colour lithograph, 1911. Wellcome Library, London / Wikimedia Commons

More about

Kazakhstan

CONSCRIPTION, BLOODSHED, AND EXILE

The Revolt of 1916 in the Turgai and Semirechye Oblasts

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Semyon Chuikov. Fleeing rebels to China, 1936. Kyrgyz National Museum of Fine Arts named after Gapar Aitiev

Semyon Chuikov. Fleeing rebels to China, 1936. Kyrgyz National Museum of Fine Arts named after Gapar Aitiev

Participants in the Semirechye uprising, 1916 / Wikimedia Commons

Participants in the Semirechye uprising, 1916 / Wikimedia Commons

Koyandy Fair / open sources

Koyandy Fair / open sources

Sheng Shicai / Wikimedia Commons

Sheng Shicai / Wikimedia Commons

Urumqi, Xinjiang, 1956 / Getty Images

Urumqi, Xinjiang, 1956 / Getty Images

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A bare frame of a yurt. Urumqi, Xinjiang, 1956. Tom Hutchins / VCG via Getty Images

A bare frame of a yurt. Urumqi, Xinjiang, 1956. Tom Hutchins / VCG via Getty Images

Urumqi, Xinjiang, 1956. Tom Hutchins / VCG via Getty Images

Urumqi, Xinjiang, 1956. Tom Hutchins / VCG via Getty Images

Nabizhan Mukhametkhanuly

MATERIALS OF THE AUTHOR