Aerial photograph showing the ruins of the medieval settlement of Erzi in the Caucasus Mountains, Dzheyrakhsky District, Ingushetia, Russia / Getty Images

Mechislav Dobrokovsky. Cover of the magazine Bezbozhnik “Forward to the complete collectivization,” November 1, 1930. Bezbozhnik was a Soviet illustrated antireligious magazine (1925–1941) / Wikimedia Commons

Shita Istamulov and Mezhid Alhanov — participants in the anti-Soviet Chechen uprising of 1929–1930 against forced collectivization by Soviet authorities. Photograph, 1920s–1930s / Wikimedia Commons

View of the oil refineries and the railway station in Grozny. Postcard published by A. Ya. Shishkov, 1910–1915 / Wikimedia Commons

German infantrymen on the summits of the Caucasus on the Eastern Front in September 1942 during the Battle of the Caucasus in World War II. / Getty Images

Museum of History and Development of the Donetsk Railway. Standard freight wagon (NTV)/ Wikimedia Commons

Report of Major General Viktor Bochkov, head of the NKVD convoy troops, to General Commissioner of State Security Lavrentiy Beria on the transportation of Vainakh (Chechens and Ingush) during the mass deportation from the North Caucasus, 21 March 1944 / From open sources

Sultan Yushaev. From the Native Land. Painting dedicated to the deportation of the Vainakh (Chechens and Ingush) in 1944. 1989 / Wikimedia Commons

Deported Chechens building their own housing in the Taldykorgan region after forced resettlement in 1944 / TsGA KFDZ

Deported Chechens building their own housing in the Taldykorgan region following their forced relocation on 23 February 1944 / TsGA KFDZ

Deported Chechen (right) at a settlement in the Zhambul region following the forced relocation of Vainakh in 1944; settlement in Central Asia in the post-deportation period / TsGA KFDZ

Garsiev — a laborer at the locomotive depot of Karaganda station — performs a Chechen-Ingush dance; K. Garsieva and K. Davletbaeva — manual workers — accompany him. Republican review of amateur artistic performance by workers and employees. Almaty, 1955 / TsGA KFDZ

Residents of Yurt-Aukh village returning to their homeland after the lifting of special settlement restrictions for Chechens and Ingush in spring 1957 / Wikimedia Commons

Alzhana Satikhanova. Сhechen rally in Aukh, 23 February 2017 (participants of a protest action in the Aukh district of Ingushetia). Photograph, 23 February 2017 / Wikimedia Commons