Interior of the destroyed Fasanenstrasse Synagogue after Kristallnacht. Berlin, 1938 / Wikimedia Commons

Map of the Volga German ASSR, 1922 / Private collection via Wikimedia Commons

German peasant couple from the Volga region in a refugee camp in Schneidemühl (now Piła, Poland), c. 1920–1925 / Bundesarchiv via Wikimedia Commons

Robert Sennecke. German refugees from the Soviet Union arriving in Swinemünde (now Świnoujście, Poland), 2 December 1929 / Bundesarchiv via Wikimedia Commons

Soviet women weep at the roadside as columns of captured Red Army soldiers are marched to the German rear. 1 November 1941 / Bettmann / Getty Images

Decree on the resettlement of the Volga Germans in the newspaper Bolshevik, 28 August 1941 / Wikimedia Commons

Settlers cooking food. Almaty Region, 1931 / Author unknown / From the personal archive of Aleksandr Reingoldovich Tkachev / CSACPA

Ekaterina Davidovna Grauberger / Wikimedia Commons

Construction of the Pavlodar–Akmolinsk railway. Pavlodar Region, 1940 / Central State Archive of Film, Photo Documents and Sound Recordings of the Republic of Kazakhstan