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19.12.2025

Author: Qalam editorial

The Kazakh intelligentsia in 1918 / Wikimedia Commons

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The Qazaq newspaper. No. 8, 1913 / From open sources

The Qazaq newspaper. No. 8, 1913 / From open sources

materials on the topic

Notice of the Government of Alash Orda, 1918 / From open sources

Notice of the Government of Alash Orda, 1918 / From open sources

Qalam editorial

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