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~ 1 min read
19.12.2025

Author: Qalam editorial

The Kazakh intelligentsia in 1918 / Wikimedia Commons

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Contents

Baktykerei Kulmanov. c. 1907 / Wikimedia Commons

Alikhan Bukeikhan. Early 20th century / Wikimedia Commons

Khalel Dosmukhameduly. Early 20th century / TsGA KFDZ

Gumar Karash. Early 20th century / Wikimedia Commons

The Qazaq newspaper. No. 8, 1913 / From open sources

materials on the topic

A TALE OF TWO AUTONOMIES
THE KAZAKH STEPPE: FROM EMPIRE TO UTOPIA
ALASH ORDA AND THE DIPLOMACY OF INDEPENDENCE

Notice of the Government of Alash Orda, 1918 / From open sources

Qalam editorial

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