Temüjin being proclaimed Genghis Khan in 1206. Illustration from Rashid al-Din’s chronicle (Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh), 15th century / Wikimedia Commons

Timur’s great quriltay. Miniature from a 1533 manuscript of the Zafarnama (Persian chronicle of Timur’s victories) / Wikimedia Commons

Battle of Vâliyân (1221). Illustration from Rashid al-Din’s chronicle (Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh), 15th century / Wikimedia Commons

Mongol Khan (possibly Ghazan Khan) studying the Qur’an. Illustration from Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh by Rashid al-Din, first quarter of the 14th century / Wikimedia Commons

Uyghur General Khojis (d. 1781), governor of Turfan who later settled in Beijing. Portrait painted by a European Jesuit artist at the Chinese court in 1775 / Wikimedia Commons

Enthronization of a Mongol ruler. Double-page illustration from Rashid al-Din’s Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh, early 14th century (first quarter) / Wikimedia Commons

Audience with Möngke. Illustration from Ata-Malik Juvayni’s Tarikh-i Jahangushay, 15th century/ Wikimedia Commons

Sergei Ivanov. Zemsky Sobor. 1908 / Wikimedia Commons